How the Radical '60s and '70s
Helped Make Father's Day a National Holiday
Olivia B. Waxman
Jun 16, 2017
While Mother's Day has been a national holiday since 1914, Father's Day wouldn't get the same legal status until more than half a century later, when President Nixon signed into law a measure declaring the third Sunday of June be observed as Father's Day.
The
proclamation acknowledged that it had already "long been our national
custom to observe each year one special Sunday in honor of America's
fathers," and Presidents had been making public statements in support of
Father's Day since the early 1900s. Annual celebrations for dads date
back to 1910, when Sonora Louise Smart Dodd organized such an event to
honor the life of her father, William Smart, a Civil War veteran and who
raised six children on his own after his wife died in childbirth.
But things changed in the 1970s. Experts say that one crucial force was a major shift in how the American father was perceived.
The
"New Fatherhood" movement developed in the early 20th century — in the
midst of the temperance movement and concerns that urbanization was
creating a generation of degenerates
— as a growing body of research on child-rearing urged dads to support
their kids not only financially but also emotionally, from changing
diapers to playing with them to giving them life advice, as Ralph
LaRossa, the historian behind the History of Fatherhood Project, notes in Deconstructing Dads: Changing Images of Fathers in Popular Culture.
As
such, early iterations of the push for a national Father's Day often
focused on validating the importance of the father's role in the family.
For example, during the Great Depression, some saw Father's Day as a
way to boost the self-esteem of men who'd lost their jobs or had their
wages cut — to show these dads they could still be there for their kids
as a companion and male role model. Then, during World War II, when
fathers were more likely to be away fighting, Father's Day ads showed
images of dads in uniform and touted the role of "the father as a
protector" of home and hearth.
LaRossa
argues that that same kind of valorization of the father as protector —
though not necessarily as a physical presence in the home — may have
been happening in the late '60s and early '70s too, during the Vietnam
War, citing a section of the Congressional Record in which Montana
Senator Mike Mansfield argued
that Father's Day deserved as much recognition as Mother's Day got,
because the "trying times" through which Americans were living placed
new "burdens and responsibilities" on dads.
But Vietnam wasn't the only thing happening at the time.
Another
crucial element in the nationalization of Father's Day was the women's
liberation movement, which offered women a forum in which to fight for
the same workplace opportunities as those men were entitled to. For
some, the idea of that equality had echoes in the home. As parents
started to split the tasks of parenting more equally, it got stranger
that mothers were celebrated in a way that fathers weren't yet. “What
seemed to be different in the late 20th century is the belief that dads
should take on more of the routine tasks of taking care of kids, like
changing diapers, and to do it in the interest of gender equality, which
wasn’t as central a thing in the early 20th-century ‘New Fatherhood’
movement,” LaRossa says.
For
others, however, the desire for a day for fathers was more about a
backlash to the perception of the father's place in the family slipping,
suggests Timothy Marr, a professor of American Studies at the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . “It was only after the
Sexual Revolution and the establishment of no-fault divorce in the 1960s
challenged the prominence and permanence of the father’s role in the
home that Congress officially authorized a permanent observance in
1972," he writes in American Masculinities: A Historical Encyclopedia.
Nowadays,
while many parents are still working on mastering the perfect balance
of gender equality in parenting in the 21st century, everyone seems to
generally agree — thanks in part to the men's clothing industry
— that dads deserve a token of appreciation one day of the year, even
as Americans continue to debate what a father's responsibilities should
be in the home.
She died on December 22, 1917, in Chicago, Illinois
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